Index

• Overview of Pain
  • Demographics
    • Genetic Contribution to Pain
    • Environmental and Demographic Factors Contributing to Pain
    • Reward and Motivation
• Neuropathic Somatic Pain
  • Overview of Neuropathic Somatic Pain Mechanisms
    • Some Aspects of the Anatomy of Somatic Neuropathic Pain
    • Peripheral Input and Central Sensitization
    • Potassium Channels
    • Calcium and sodium-activated potassium channels
    • Voltage-gated calcium channels
    • HCN channels
    • The Role of Endogenous Lipid Mediators in Peripheral Gating of Pain Signals
  • Reactive Oxygen Species
    • Formation and Degradation
    • Production of Endogenous ROS
    • ROS and Cellular Respiration
    • Effects of ROS
  • Nitro-oxidative Species and Neuropathic Pain
    • NO and Nociceptive transmission
    • NOS-1
    • NOS-2 (Cytosolic Form)
    • NOS-3
    • Peroxynitrate Mechanisms of Disrupting Glutamate Homeostasis
  • Mechanisms of Nitro-oxidative Species that Directly Modulate Neuroexcitability
    • Nitro-oxidative Species Induce Mitochondrial Dysfunction – Mechanisms
    • Nitro-oxidative Species Induce Neuroinflammatory Signaling
  • Type-specific Synaptic Plasticity Induced by ROS
    • ROS ‘Activated’ Receptors
    • Carbonylation
    • Antioxidant Defense
    • Glutathione
    • Antioxidant Enzyme Systems
    • Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Peroxiredoxins
    • Thioredoxin Systems
    • Glutathione System
    • Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Adenosine Signaling
    • Opposition of Opioid Analgesia by Nitro-oxidative Species
  • Antinociceptive Response to Injury
    • Endogenous Cannabinoids
    • Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α
    • Endogenous Agonists of PPAR-α
    • Nociceptive Homeostasis
    • Epoxygenated Fatty Acids
    • Lipoxins and Resolvins
    • The Effects of Bioactive Lipid Mediators
    • Dorsal Horn Circuitry in Neuropathic Pain
  • Anatomy of Dorsal Horn Circuitry
    • Primary Nociceptor Innervation of the Skin
    • The Deep Dorsal Horn
    • Interneurons
    • Specific Peptidergic and Nonpeptidergic Afferents
    • The Functional Role of Interneurons in Dorsal Horn Circuitry
    • The Anatomy of Low-Threshold Mechanoreception to Nociceptive Neurons
    • Dorsal Horn Feed-forward Inhibitory Circuits
    • Dorsal Horn Central Sensitization in the Context of Neuropathic Pain
    • Maladaptive Neuroplasticity in Primary Nociceptive Afferents and Excitatory Interneurons Following Nerve Injury
    • Loss of Inhibition in the DH with Central Sensitization
    • Ascending Pain Pathways
  • Microglia and Neuropathic Pain
    • Summary of Spinal Microglia in Neuropathic Pain
  • Core Brain Regions Activated by Pain
    • Pain Processing During Pathologic States
  • Neuropathic Pain Gain Control Mechanisms
    • Peripheral Sensitization and Fatigue
    • Pain modulation at the Spinal Cord Level
    • Descending Inhibition and Facilitation
    • Pain Modulation from Higher Brain Levels
    • Clinical Profiles Suggestive of Pain Mechanisms
    • Clinical Expression of Pain Mechanisms
    • The Neuroimaging of Neuropathic Pain
  • Clinical Aspects of Somatic Neuropathic Pain
    • The Nerve Root
    • Dorsal Root Entry Zone
    • Ventral Root Lesions
    • The Structural Bone and Ligamentous Anatomy of the Spine
    • The Innervation of the Lumbar Vertebra
    • The Anatomy and Innervation of the Intervertebral Disc
  • General Features of Radicular Pain
    • Overview of Face and Body Root Innervations
    • Face
    • Referred Pain
    • Local Pain
    • Lumbar Radicular Pain
  • Congenital Defects of the Lumbar Spine
    • Lumbosacral Transition Vertebra
    • Spina bifida
    • Articular Facet Joint Anomalies
    • Congenital Scoliosis
    • Adult Scoliosis
    • Lordosis
    • Achondroplasia
    • Congenital Spinal Stenosis
    • Lateral Recess Syndrome
    • Tethered Cord
    • Classification of Lumbosacral Nerve Root Anomalies with a Tethered Cord
    • Clinical Characteristics of Congenital Nerve Root Anomalies
    • Conjoined Nerve Roots
    • Lumbar Synovial Cysts
    • Ligamentum Flavum Cyst
    • Perineural Cysts (Tarlov cyst)
  • Disc Disease
    • L1-L2 Disc Space
    • L2-L3 Disc Space
    • L3-L4 Disc Space
    • L4-L5 Disc Space
    • Additional Radiations of L5 (Sclerotomal) and Signs
    • L5-S1 Disc Space
    • Visceral Association with L4, L5, and S1 Root Disease
    • Exacerbating Factors for L4-S1 Radicular Pain
    • Relieving Factors for L5-S1 Disc Disease
    • Extreme Lateral Disc Protrusion
    • Lower Sacral Radiculopathy
    • High Lumbar Root Disease
    • Posterior Rami Syndrome
    • Sequestered Disc Fragments
    • Neuropathology of Intervertebral Disc Disease
    • Spondylolysis
    • Spondylolisthesis
    • Spinal Stenosis
    • Coccydynia
    • Facet Syndrome
  • Lumbosacral Trauma
    • Acute Sprain and Strain
    • Vertebral Fractures (Lumbar)
    • Lumbar Vertebral Fractures
    • Lumbar Transverse Process Fracture
  • Pathologic Fractures
    • Osteoporosis
    • Differential Diagnosis of Pathologic Fractures
  • Benign Bone Tumors Affecting Lumbosacral Nerve Roots
    • Osteoid Osteoma
    • Osteoblastoma
    • Osteochondroma
    • Hemangioma
    • Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
    • Giant Cell Tumor (GCT)
    • Dermoid Cyst
    • Eosinophilic Granuloma
  • Malignant Bone Tumors of the Lumbosacral Spine with Consequent Radiculopathy
    • Chordoma
    • Liposarcoma
    • Ewing Sarcoma
    • Osteosarcoma
    • Chondrosarcoma
    • Epidural and Vertebral Metastasis
    • Metastatic Infiltration of the Pelvic Nerve Plexus
    • Intrinsic Spinal Cord Tumors that Involve the Lumbosacral Roots
  • Medical Conditions with Nerve Root Involvement
    • Vascular Claudication
    • Adhesive Arachnoiditis
    • Ankylosing Spondylitis
    • Aneurysm of the Abdominal Aorta
    • Osteomyelitis of Vertebrae
    • Epidural Abscess
    • Discitis
    • Inflammatory Processes that Affect the Cauda Equina
    • Intraspinal Hemorrhage
    • Differential Diagnosis of Infection Affecting Lumbosacral Roots
    • Differential Diagnosis of Systemic Disease Affecting Lumbosacral Nerve Roots that Cause Pain
    • Differential Diagnosis of Immune Mediated Processes that Affect Lumbosacral Roots that May Be Painful
    • Miscellaneous Involvement of Lumbosacral Roots that May Be Painful
    • Cervical Nerve Root Disorders
    • Cervical Disc Herniation
  • Congenital Cervical Spine Defects with Root Involvement
    • Absent pedicle of the Cervical Spine
    • Congenital absence of Posterior Elements of the C2 Vertebra
    • Apert Syndrome
    • Klippel-Feil Syndrome
  • Osteoarthritis of the Cervical Spine
    • Cervical Spondylosis
    • Cervical Spinal Stenosis
    • Cervical Spondylolisthesis
    • Cervical Perineural Cyst
    • Neuralgic Amyotrophy
    • Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Disputed Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Cervical Ribs that Compress Cervical Roots
    • Other Structural Congenital Anomalies Affecting Cervical Roots
    • Trauma of Cervical Nerve Roots
    • Lax Ligament Syndrome (that Attach the Odontoid Process to the Atlas)
    • Pachymeningitis with Cervical Root Compression
  • Tumors of the Cervical Nerve Roots
    • General Characteristics
  • Infection Involving Cervical Nerve Roots
    • Herpes Zoster
    • Post Herpetic Neuralgia
    • Herpes Simplex
    • Lyme Disease
    • Spinal Infections Affecting Cervical Nerve Roots
    • Poliomyelitis
    • Post-Polio Syndrome
    • Parsonage-Turner Syndrome
    • Other Viral Illnesses that Primarily Affect Peripheral Nerves or the Spinal Cord
    • Differential Diagnosis of Systemic Diseases Affecting Cervical Nerve Roots
  • Vascular Malformations that May Involve Cervical Nerve Roots
    • Arteriovenous malformation
    • Dilated vein compressing the nerve root
    • Foix-Alajouanine syndrome
    • Weber-Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
    • Superficial Siderosis
    • Arachnoiditis
    • Differential Diagnosis of Cancer vs X-RT Involvement of Cervical Nerve Roots
    • Thoracic Nerve Root Lesions (T1-T12)
    • Lesions that affect the T1 root
  • Thoracic Root Disease
    • Disc Disease
    • Syrinx
    • Post thoracotomy Pain Syndrome
  • Thoracic Nerve Root Involvement from Systemic Disease
    • Diabetic Thoracic Polyradiculopathy
    • Transthyretin Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP)
    • Ochronosis
    • Differential Diagnosis of Disorders that can Affect Thoracic Nerve Roots
    • Infections Involving Thoracic Roots
    • Unusual Causes of Thoracic Nerve Root Involvement
  • Cervical Plexus
    • Overview
    • Hyolaryngeal Complex
  • Lesions of the Cervical Plexus and the Sensory Components of the C2-C4 Branches
    • Cervical Plexus
    • The Greater Occipital Nerve (GON)
    • The Lesser Occipital Nerve (LON)
    • The Third Occipital Nerve
    • The Great Auricular Nerve
    • Transverse Colli Nerves
    • Supraclavicular Nerves
    • Detailed Innervation of the C1, C2 and C3 Nerves
  • Injury of the Motor Roots of the Cervical Plexus (Ansa Hypoglosossi)
    • Ventral root of C2
    • The Phrenic Nerve
  • Pharyngeal Plexus
    • General Characteristics
    • Clinical Manifestations
    • Neuropathology
    • Neuroimaging
  • The Brachial Plexus
    • Overview
    • Terminal Nerves that Arise from the Cervical Roots
    • Nerves that Arise from Brachial Plexus Trunks
  • Nerves that Arise from the Brachial Plexus Cords
    • Lateral Pectoral Nerves
    • Subscapular nerves
    • Thoracodorsal nerve
    • Medial Cutaneous Nerve of the Arm
    • Musculocutaneous Nerve
    • Axillary Nerve
    • Radial Nerve
    • Median Nerve
    • Ulnar Nerve
  • Clinical Manifestations of Brachial Plexus Disorders
    • Supraclavicular Level
    • Upper Trunk Lesions
    • Lateral Cord Lesions
    • Musculocutaneous Nerve
    • Medial Cord
    • Posterior Cord
    • Lower Subscapular Nerve
    • Axillary Nerve
    • Radial Nerve
    • Median Nerve
    • Variations in the Innervation of Intrinsic Hand Muscles
    • Ulnar Nerve
    • Upper Plexus Lesions
    • Middle Plexus Lesions
    • Lower Plexus Lesion
    • Lesions of the Lateral Cord
    • Lesions of the Medial Cord
    • Proximal Lesions of the Medial Cord
    • Lesions of the Posterior Cord
    • Radial Nerve
  • Neuropathology of Nerve Injuries
    • Neuropraxis
    • Axonotmesis
    • Neurotmesis
  • Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injury
    • Overview
    • Avulsion Injury
    • Obstetric Complications
  • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Overview
    • Anatomical Variations of the Thoracic Outlet
    • Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Ligaments and Fibrous Bands that Compress Cervical Spinal Nerves
    • Roos’ Congenital Bands and Ligaments
    • The Rib-Band Syndrome of Gilliatt
  • Brachial Plexus Injuries (Iatrogenic)
    • Brachial Plexus Surgery for Neurogenic Plexopathy
    • Orthopedic Surgical Procedures that Injure the Plexus
    • Surgical procedures that compromise the costoclavicular space
    • Direct Trauma from Arteriography and Cannulas
    • Median Sternotomy
    • Post Anesthesia Brachial Plexopathy
    • Postoperative Brachial Plexopathy (Thoracic Outlet Surgery)
    • Gunshot Wounds/Laceration Injuries
    • Backpack Palsy
    • Shoulder Injuries with Concomitant Brachial Plexus Involvement
    • Clavicular Fractures with Plexopathy
    • Burner/Stinger Syndrome
    • Arterial Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Effort Venous Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity (Paget-von Schroetter Disease)
    • Immune Mediated Brachial Plexopathy
    • Hereditary Neurologic Amyotrophy
    • Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies
    • Neoplasms Affecting the Brachial Plexus
    • Schwannoma
    • Neurofibroma
    • Perineurioma
    • Hybrid Benign Nerve Sheath Tumors
    • Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors that may involve the Brachial Plexus
    • Metastatic Brachial Plexus Tumors
    • Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexopathy
    • Differential points between X-RT damage and recurrent tumor
• Lumbosacral Plexus Lesions
  • Overview of Lumbosacral Plexopathy
    • Anatomical Relationship of the Lumbar and Sacral Plexus
  • Sacral Plexus
    • General Characteristics
  • Lesions of the Sacral Plexus
    • Complete Lesion
    • Sensory Signs
    • Reflexes
    • Sphincter Signs
    • Differential Diagnosis Features between Root and Lumbosacral Plexus Lesions
  • Trauma of the Lumbosacral Plexus
    • General Characteristics
    • Clinical Manifestations
    • Catamenial Neuroendometriosis
    • Surgical Trauma of the Lumbosacral Plexus
    • Aneurysm of the Iliac or Hypogastric Artery (Vascular Injury during Lumbar Disc Surgery)
    • Neoplasms of the Lumbosacral Plexus
    • Radiation Therapy (X-RT) of the Lumbosacral Region
  • Radiation vs. Tumor invasion of the Lumbosacral Plexus
    • Radiation Plexopathy
    • Tumor Invasion
    • Post Irradiation Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome
  • Medical Causes of Painful Lumbosacral Plexopathy
    • Diabetic Radiculoplexus Neuropathy
    • Painless Diabetic Radiculoplexus Neuropathy
    • Idiopathic Lumbosacral Plexitis
  • Differential Diagnosis of Medical Causes of Painful Lumbosacral Plexus Lesions
    • Vasculitis
    • Painful Infections Affecting the Lumbosacral Plexus
    • Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage
    • Differential Diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Plexus Lesions
  • Immune Mediated Causes of Painful Lumbosacral Plexopathy
  • Toxins/Anesthetics
    • Ischemic Lumbosacral Plexopathy
    • Differential Diagnosis of Gadolinium Enhancement of the Lumbosacral Plexus
    • Differential Diagnosis of Unusual Lumbosacral Plexus Lesions
• Painful Neuropathies
  • Sodium Channelopathies
    • Nav1.7
    • Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder
    • SCN9A Mutations with Small Fiber Neuropathy
    • Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome
    • Pain Dysautonomia and Acromesomelia
    • Congenital Insensitivity to Pain and Anhidrosis
    • Nav1.8 Small Fiber Neuropathy (SFN)
    • Nav1.9 Small Fiber Neuropathy
  • Metabolic Painful Peripheral Neuropathies
    • Diabetic Painful Neuropathy
    • Vitamin B12 Deficiency
    • B6 Neuropathy
    • Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
    • Overview of Neurogenic Porphyria
    • Acute Intermittent Porphyria
    • Doss Porphyria
    • Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP)
    • Variegate Porphyria
    • Fabry’s Disease
  • Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN)
    • Overview
    • Cisplatin
    • Oxaliplatin
    • Vincristine
    • Vinorelbine
    • Taxanes (Paclitaxel, Docetaxel)
    • Docetaxel (Taxotere)
    • Epothilone
    • Suramin
    • Bortezamib (Velcade)
    • Etoposide
    • Ifosfamide
    • Cytosine Arabinoside
    • Thalidomide
    • Late Neurologic Toxicity Associated with Peripheral Painful Neuropathy in Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
  • Painful Toxic Neuropathies
    • Misonidazole
    • Metronidazole
    • Amiodarone
    • Disulfiram
    • Thallium
    • Arsenic
    • Nitrofurantoin
    • Isoniazid
    • Nucleoside Neuropathies
    • Zalcitabine (ddC)
  • Painful Infectious Neuropathies
    • Lyme Disease
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    • HIV Mononeuritis Multiplex
    • Herpes Varicella Zoster
    • Herpes Simplex
    • Syphilis
• Painful Vasculitic Neuropathies
  • Overview
  • Painful Primary Systemic Vasculitis Diseases that Affect Large and Medium-sized Blood Vessels
    • Giant Cell Arteritis
    • Polymyalgia Rheumatic (PMR)
    • Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
  • Small Vessel Vasculitis
    • Chung-Strauss Syndrome (CSS)
    • Wegener’s Granulomatosis (Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)
    • Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)
    • Behcet’s Disease
  • Secondary Systemic Vasculitides
    • Connective Tissue Diseases
    • Infection Associated Vasculitic Neuropathy
    • Rarer Secondary Systemic Vasculitides
    • Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Vasculitis
    • Nonsystemic Vasculitis of the Peripheral Nervous System
    • Diabetic Lumbosacral Radiculoplexus Neuropathy (DLRPN)
    • Vasculitis and Neuropathy from Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia
  • Widespread Painful Disorders
    • Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type II (CRPS II)
    • Fibromyalgia
    • Small Fiber Neuropathy (SFN) as a Cause of Widespread Somatic Pain
    • Painful Channelopathies
    • Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder (PEPD)
    • Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome
    • Infantile Pain Episodes Associated with Nav1.9 Mutations in Familial Episodic Pain Syndrome in Japanese Families
    • Primary Small Fiber Neuropathy
    • Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP)
    • Fabry’s Disease
    • Tangier Disease (TGD)
    • Other Causes of Small Fiber Painful Neuropathy
    • Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
    • Idiopathic Small Fiber Neuropathy (Possible Glucose Intolerance)
    • Primary Causes of Small Fiber Neuropathy
• Pain Sensitive Cranial Structures
  • Overview
    • Mechanisms of Cranial Pain
    • The Trigeminal Innervation of Blood Vessels
    • Tension Headache
    • Brain Tumor Headache
    • Post-Traumatic Headache
    • Subdural Hematoma (SDH)
    • Headache of Temporal Arteritis (GCA)
    • Headache of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)
    • Low CSF Pressure Headache
    • Cough Headache
    • Symptomatic Cough Headache
    • Exertional Headache
    • Sexual Headache
    • Thunderclap Headache
    • Headaches from Secreting Endocrine Tumors
    • Clinical Manifestations
  • Migraine Headache
    • Overview
    • Migraine
    • Hemiplegic Migraine
    • Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood
    • Migraine with Brainstem Aura (Basilar Artery Migraine)
    • Retinal Migraine
    • Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy (RPON) (Ophthalmoplegic Migraine)
    • Migraine and Stroke
    • Migraine with CSF Pleocytosis
    • Menstrual (Catamenial Migraine) Migraine
    • Status Migrainosus
    • Vestibular Migraine
    • Cluster Headache
    • Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
    • Paroxysmal Hemicrania
    • Short-lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing (SUNCT)
    • Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Cranial Autonomic Features (SUNA)
    • Hemicrania Continua
    • Coronal Linear Headache
    • Epicrania Fugax
    • Cervicogenic Headache
    • Hypnic Headache
  • Cranio-Facial Pain
    • Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN)
    • Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
    • Herpes Zoster
    • Trochlear Headache
    • Occipital Neuralgia
  • Carotidynia and Pain from Extracranial Arterial Dissection
    • Carotidynia
    • Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
    • Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain (PIFP)
    • Intraoral non-Dental Pain
    • Extraoral Pain with or without Intraoral Pain
    • Sinusitis
    • Silent Sinus Syndrome (SSS)
    • Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
    • Neck-Tongue Syndrome
    • Dry Eye Disease (DED)
  • Neck Pain
    • Overview
    • Cervical Myofascial Pain
    • Retropharyngeal Tendinitis
    • Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (OPLL)
    • Superior Laryngeal Neuralgia
    • Eagle Syndrome
    • Cricoid Cartilage Syndrome
    • Hyoid Syndrome
    • Ernest Syndrome
    • Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor Syndrome
    • Superior Thyroid Cornu Syndrome
    • Lateral Thyrohyoid Ligament Syndrome
    • Thyroid Cartilage and Mastoid Process Syndromes
    • Rare Syndromes Causing Pain in the Throat
• Somatic Chest Wall Pain
  • Overview
    • Musculoskeletal Chest Wall Pain
    • Local Chest Wall Pain - Tietze’s Syndrome and Costochondritis
    • Costochondritis
    • Rib Trauma
    • The Slipping Rib Syndrome
  • Pain from the Sternum and its Articulations
    • Sternoclavicular Hyperostosis (SCCH)
    • Condensing Osteitis of the Clavicle
    • Manubriosternal Joint
    • Xiphoid Cartilage and Xiphisternal Joint
    • Traumatic Muscle Pain
    • Precordial Catch Syndrome
    • Epidemic Myalgia (Bornholm Disease)
  • Disorders of the Posterior Chest Wall
    • Thoracic Disc Disease
    • Costovertebral Arthritis
    • Diffuse Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
    • Ankylosing Spondylitis
    • Fibromyalgia
    • Clinical Summary of Isolated Musculoskeletal Chest Wall Pain
• Referred Pain
  • Overview
    • Common Patterns of Referred Pain to the Chest, Back and Upper Extremity
  • Central Pain Syndromes That Affect the Axial Skeleton
    • Overview
    • Central Post Stroke Pain (CPSP)
    • Wallenberg Syndrome
    • Spinal Cord Injury Pain (SCI)
    • Transverse Myelitis (Complete and Incomplete)
    • Brown-Sequard Syndrome
    • Central Cord Syndrome
  • Pain in the Thorax from Specific Nerve Injury
    • Intercostal Neuralgia
    • Herpes Zoster
    • Chest Wall Tumors that Involve Thoracic Segmental Nerves
    • Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves
    • Intercostobrachial Nerve (ICBN)
    • Post-Mastectomy Syndrome
    • Phantom Breast Syndrome (PBS)
  • Abdominal Wall Pain
    • Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ANES)
    • Iliohypogastric Nerve
    • Ilioinguinal Nerve
    • Genitofemoral Nerve (GFN)
    • Postherniorrhaphy Inguinal Pain (CPIP)
    • Differential Diagnosis of Abdominal Referred Pain by Location
  • Pelvic Pain
    • Pudendal Nerve
    • Dysmenorrhea
    • Endometriosis
    • Vulvodynia
    • Dyspareunia
  • Sexual Pain Disorders in Males
    • Prostatitis Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP / CPPS)
    • Interstitial Cystitis
    • Scrotal Pain
    • Testicular Torsion
    • Epididymitis
    • Post-Vasectomy Pain
    • Varicocele
    • Chronic Orchialgia
    • Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
    • Chronic Pelvic Pain
  • Sexual Pain Disorders in Females
    • Ovarian Cysts
    • Ectopic Pregnancy
    • Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroids)
  • Pathologies that Cause Pain in Any Area of the Body Surface
    • Surgically-Induced Neuropathic Pain (SNPP)
    • Neuroma
    • Phantom Pain
• Neuropathic Visceral Pain
  • Overview
    • Clinical Manifestations of Visceral Pain
    • Peripheral Visceral Innervation
    • Brain-Gastrointestinal Interaction
    • Visceral Hyperalgesia
    • Some Aspects of the Neuroanatomy of Lower Gastrointestinal Pain Disorders
    • Angina Pectoris
    • Pericarditis
    • Acute Aortic Syndrome
    • Aortic Dissection
    • Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer (PAU)
    • Intramural Hematoma (IMH)
    • Other Causes of Acute Aortic Syndrome
    • Pulmonary Embolism
    • Pneumothorax
    • Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax (PSP)
    • Pleurodynia
  • Tumors of the Lung and Pleura that are Associated with Chest Pain
    • Superior Sulcus Tumors (Pancoast Tumors)
    • Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
    • Rare Causes of Pleural Disease that May be Associated with Chest Pain
  • Gastrointestinal Pain
    • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
    • Esophageal Motility Disorder
    • Achalasia
  • Esophageal Motility Disorders
    • Nutcracker Esophagus
    • Diffuse Esophageal Spasm (DES)
    • Scleroderma Esophagus
    • Other Causes of Esophageal Dysmotility
  • Gastric Pain
    • Acute Gastritis
    • Helicobacter Pylori Infection
    • Gastric Ulcer
    • Gastric Tumors
    • Other Causes of Gastric Pain
    • Liver pain
    • Gallbladder Disease
    • Pancreatic Pain
  • Intestinal Disease and Pain
    • Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency
    • Non-Occlusive or Vasospastic Mesenteric Ischemia
    • Ischemic Colitis
    • Right Sided Colonic Ischemia
    • Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis (MVT)
    • Chronic Intestinal Ischemia
    • Acute Intestinal Obstruction
    • Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)
    • Acute Appendicitis
  • Pathological Correlates of Periumbilical and Right Lower Quadrant Pain
    • Periumbilical Pain
    • Right Lower Quadrant Pain
    • Acute Peritonitis
  • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
    • Crohn’s Disease (CD)
    • Ulcerative Colitis
    • Diverticulitis
    • Differential Diagnosis of Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal Pain
    • Irritable Bowel Disease (IBS)
  • Spleen Disease
    • Spleen Pain
  • Kidney Disease
    • Urinary Tract Obstruction
    • Atheroembolic Renovascular Disease
  • Urinary Tract Infections
    • Overview
    • Cystitis
    • Urethritis
    • Pyelonephritis
    • Renal Abscesses
    • Perinephric Abscess
    • Renal Cortical Abscess
  • Pelvic Pain in Females
    • Ovary Cysts
    • Ovarian Cancer
    • Uterine Cancer
    • Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroids)
    • Cervical Cancer
  • Abdominal Pain in the Elderly
    • Biliary Tract Disease in the Elderly
    • Appendicitis in the Elderly
    • Diverticulitis in the Elderly
    • Mesenteric Ischemia in the Elderly
    • Bowel Obstruction in the Elderly
    • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) in the Elderly
    • Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) in the Elderly
    • Gastroenteritis in the Elderly
    • Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly
    • Unusual Causes of Abdominal Pain in Elderly Patients
• Suggested References for Clinical Pain
  • Master List – Alphabetically Ordered
    • Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
    • Abdominal Pain in the Elderly
    • Absence of C2
    • Acute Appendicitis
    • Acrylamide
    • Acute Peritonitis
    • Acute polyneuropathy cytosine arabinoside
    • Adhesive Arachnoiditis
    • Age Related Pain Differences
    • Alcohol
    • Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood
    • Amiodarone
    • Anterior Cutaneous Nerve
    • Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment
    • Anterior Interosseous Nerve
    • Apert Syndrome
    • Atypical Odontalgia
    • Avulsion Injury
    • Axillary Nerve
    • B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency
    • Backpack Palsy
    • Behçet’s Disease
    • Bornholm’s Disease
    • Bortezomib
    • Brachial Plexus Imaging
    • Brachial Plexus Injury
    • Brachial Plexus Metastatic Tumor
    • Brachial Plexus Radiation-Induced Plexopathies
    • Brachial Plexus Primary Tumors
    • Brachial Plexus: Gunshot/Laceration
    • Brain Tumor Headache
    • Brown-Sequard Syndrome
    • Burner/Stinger
    • Burning Mouth Syndrome
    • Calcium Channels
    • Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
    • Carotidynia
    • Catamenial Neuroendometriosis
    • Catheter Entrapment
    • Cauda Equina Syndrome Post Post-Radiation
    • Central Cord Syndrome
    • Cervical Spondylolisthesis
    • Cervical Cancer
    • Cervical Myelopathy
    • Cervical Perineural Cyst
    • Cervical Spinal Stenosis
    • Change in Myelinated Fibers
    • Cheriralgia
    • Chest Wall Tumor
    • Chloride Channels
    • Chronic Pelvic Pain
    • Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
    • Churg-Strauss Syndrome
    • Cisplatin
    • Clioquinol
    • Coccydymia
    • Compartment Syndrome
    • Condensing Osteitis
    • Congenital Defects (Absent Pedicle)
    • Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
    • Costochondritis
    • Cough Headache
    • Cricoid Cartilage
    • CRPS
    • Cystitis
    • Diabetic Neuropathy
    • Diabetic Thoracic Polyradiculopathy
    • Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)
    • Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls (DNIC)
    • 2,4 - Dinitrophenol
    • Discitis
    • Disulfiram Neuropathy
    • Diverticulitis
    • Dorsal Horn Circuitry
    • Dry Eye Syndrome
    • Dysmenorrhea
    • Dyspareunia
    • Eagle Syndrome
    • Ectopic Pregnancy
    • Ehlers-Danlos
    • Endometriosis
    • Ethambutol
    • Ethylene Oxide
    • Epidural Abscess
    • Epothilone
    • Etoposide
    • Fabry’s Disease
    • Facet Syndrome
    • Familial Episode Pain Syndrome
    • Femoral Nerve
    • Fibromyalgia
    • Gallbladder
    • General Neuropathic Pain
    • Genetic Influences on Pain
    • Giant Cell Arteritis
    • Glia and Pain
    • Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
    • Gonyalgia
    • Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
    • Greater Auricular Nerve
    • Greater Occipital Nerve
    • HaNDL
    • HCN Channels
    • Headache: Cervicogenic
    • Headache: Cluster
    • Headache: Hypnic
    • Headache: Linear
    • Headache: Tension
    • Headache: Thunderclap
    • Headache: Trochlear
    • Hereditary and Idiopathic HNA
    • Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsy
    • Herpes Simplex Virus
    • Herpes Zoster / Varicella–Zoster Virus
    • Hip Arthroplasty and Perioperative Nerve Injury
    • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    • Hyoid Bone
    • Idiopathic Plexopathy
    • Ifosfamide
    • Iliohypogastric/Ilioinguinal/Genitofemoral
    • Iliolymphogastric, Iliolingual and Genitofemoral Nerves
    • Inflammatory Nerve Root Disorder
    • Inherited Erythromelalgia
    • Intercostobrachial Nerve
    • Interstitial Cystitis
    • Intervertebral Disc
    • Intestinal Angina
    • Intestinal Obstruction
    • Intraspinal Hematoma
    • Irritable Bowel Syndrome
    • Ischemic Colitis
    • Isonaizid
    • Ischemic Monomelic Neuropathy
    • Joint Pain Radiations
    • Klippel – Feil Syndrome
    • Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
    • Lateral Recess Syndrome
    • Lateral Thyrohyoid Ligament
    • Leiomyoma
    • Lesser Occipital Nerve
    • Ligamentum Flavum Cysts
    • Liver Disease
    • Long Thoracic Nerve
    • Lumbar Plexus Overview
    • Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
    • Lumbar Spine Fractures and Dislocations
    • Lumbar Spondylolysis
    • Lumbar Vertebra/Disc
    • Lumbosacral Plexopathy Differential Diagnosis
    • Lumbosacral Plexus Injuries
    • Lumbosacral Plexus Obstetric Injury
    • Lumbosacral Plexus Tumors
    • Lumbosacral Transition Vertebrae
    • Lyme Disease
    • Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Signaling and Demyelination
    • Manubriosternal Joint
    • Mechanisms Underlying Neuropathic Pain Animal Models
    • Median Nerve
    • Mesothelial Cyst
    • Metastasis
    • Metronidazole
    • Microscopic Polyangiitis
    • Migraine and Stroke
    • Migraine with Aura
    • Migraine with Brainstem Aura
    • Migraine: Catamenial
    • Migraine: Hemiplegic
    • Migraine: Mechanisms
    • Migraine: Retinal
    • Migraine: Vestibular
    • Misonidazole
    • Mixed Cryoglobulinemia
    • Multiple Sclerosis
    • Musculoskeletal Chest Pain (General)
    • Musculocutaneous Nerve
    • Myofascial Pain Syndrome
    • Nav1.8 Mutation
    • Nav1.9 Mutation SFN
    • Neck-Tongue Syndrome
    • Nerve Injury Following Lumbar Plexus Blockade
    • Neuralgic Amyotrophy
    • Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Neuroimaging of Pain
    • Neuroma
    • Neuromuscular Choristoma
    • Neuropathic Pain
    • Nitrofurantoin
    • Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
    • Obstetric Palsy
    • Obturator Nerve
    • Occipital Neuralgia
    • Ochronosis
    • Opthalmoponesis with Migraine
    • Orchialgia
    • Orthopedic Trauma and Associated Brachial Plexus Injury
    • Osteomyelitis
    • Ovarian Cancer
    • Ovarian Cyst
    • Ovarian Cysts/Cancer
    • Paget–Schröetter Syndrome
    • Pain Demographic
    • Pain Profiles
    • Painful Channelopathies
    • Painful Chemotherapy Neuropathies (General)
    • Painless Diabetic Motor Neuropathy
    • Palmar Cutaneous Branch of Median Nerve
    • Pancoast Tumor
    • Parkinson’s Disease
    • Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder
    • Paroxysmal Hemicrania
    • Parsonage-Turner
    • Pectoral Nerve
    • Pedicle Anomalies
    • Pelvic Floor Pain/Dysfunction
    • Peroneal Nerve
    • Perineurial Cyst
    • Phantom Breast Pain
    • Phantom Pain
    • Phrenic Nerve
    • Plantar Nerves
    • Poliomyelitis
    • Polyarteritis Nodosa
    • Polymalgia Rheumatica
    • Porphyria
    • Porphyria: Acute Intermittent
    • Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerves
    • Porphyria: Variegate
    • Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
    • Post-Herniorrhaphy Pain
    • Post-Mastectomy Pain
    • Post-Stroke Pain
    • Post-Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome
    • Potassium Channels
    • Precordial Catch Syndrome
    • Proximal Extreme Pain Disorder
    • Pseudotumor Cerebri
    • Psychosocial Influences on Pain
    • Pudendal Nerve
    • Pyelonephritis
    • Radial Nerve
    • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
    • Referred Pain (0verview)
    • Renal Colic
    • Retroperitoneal Tumors
    • Retropharyngeal Tendinitis
    • Reward, Motivation, Emotion and Pain
    • Rib Fracture
    • Right Colon Ischemia
    • Sciatic Nerve
    • SCN9A Mutations
    • Scoliosis
    • Sexual Headache/Weight Lifter Headache
    • Seizure Pain
    • Silent Sinus Syndrome
    • Sinusitis
    • Slipping Rib Syndrome
    • Small Fiber Neuropathy: General
    • Small Fiber Neuropathy: Infectious Causes
    • Small Fiber Painful Neuropathy: General
    • Small Nerve Fiber Pathology in Critical Illness
    • Small Nerve Fibers: Small Hands and Feet
    • Small-fiber Neuropathy: Idiopathic
    • Sodium Channels
    • Spinal Accessory Nerve
    • Spina Bifida
    • Spinal Cord Injury
    • Spleen
    • Spondylolisthesis
    • Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
    • Sterno-Clavicular Hyperostosis
    • Subdural Hematoma
    • SUNCT/SUNA
    • Supra and Infraclavicular Nerves
    • Superior/Inferior Gluteal Nerves
    • Superior Cornu of the Thyroid Cartilage
    • Superior Laryngeal Neuralgia
    • Sural Nerve
    • Suramin
    • Surgical Nerve Root Injury
    • Surgically Induced Neuropathic Pain
    • Synovial Cysts
    • Syphilis
    • Syrinx
    • Tangier Disease
    • Tarsal Tunnel
    • Taxanes
    • Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome
    • Thalidomide
    • Thallium
    • Third Occipital Nerve
    • Thoracic Disc
    • Thoracic Outlet Surgery
    • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
    • Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Vascular
    • Tibialis Nerve
    • Vasculitic Neuropathy
    • Thyroid Cartilage Mastoid Process
    • Tietze’s Syndrome
    • Transthyretin-Related Amyloidosis
    • Transverse Colli
    • Transverse Myelitis
    • Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgia (General)
    • Trigeminal Neuralgia
    • Tumor of Thoracic Boots
    • Ulnar Nerve
    • Urethritis
    • Urinary Tract Infection (General)
    • Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)
    • Uterine Cancer
    • Vascular Claudication
    • Vascular Injury during Disc Repair
    • Vertebral Fractures
    • Vincristine
    • Vinorelbine
    • Vitamin B1 Deficiency
    • Vitamin B12 Deficiency
    • Vulvodynia
    • Xiphisternal Joint