USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Parathyroid Adenoma

USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Parathyroid Adenoma Parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor that arises from the parathyroid glands, which are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body. Parathyroid adenoma results in the overproduction of PTH, causing hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Fatigue Weakness Joint pain Bone pain Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Constipation Polyuria Polydipsia Hypercalcemia Hypophosphatemia Increased bone resorption Fractures Osteoporosis Hypertension Serum calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels Ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI Sestamibi scan Fine-needle aspiration biopsy Genetic testing The treatment for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) depends on the specific tumors present and their severity. Some common treatments include: 1. Surgery: This is the primary treatment for parathyroid adenomas and may also be necessary for other tumors. 2. Medical therapy: Drugs such as somatostatin analogs and dopamine agonists can control hormone levels in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary adenomas. 3. Radiation therapy: This may be used to shrink tumors that cannot be surgically removed. 4. Chemotherapy: This may be used in patients with advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. 5. Surveillance: Regular monitoring is necessary to detect any new tumors that may develop.