USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Left-sided heart failure

USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Left-sided heart failure Dyspnea Orthopnea Bilateral basilar rales Pleural effusions Pulmonary edema S3/S4 gallop Transthoracic echocardiogram ACE-inhibits ARBs (in patients that cannot tolerate ACE-i) Beta blocker Aldosterone antagonist (depends on NYHA class; must be II-IV and exhibiting symptoms) SGLT2 inhibitors (depends on NYHA class; must be II-IV) Digoxin (if persistent symptoms that have not improve with first line therpay) Ivabradine (if NYHA class II-III and stable EF <35%)