USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland that produces excess thyroid hormones, resulting in an increased metabolic rate, altered metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Weight loss despite increased appetite Heat intolerance and excessive sweating Fatigue and muscle weakness Difficulty sleeping Increased heart rate and palpitations Changes in menstrual patterns Increased frequency of bowel movements or diarrhea Eye problems Goiter Tachycardia Tremors in the hands and fingers Weight loss despite increased appetite Exophthalmos Palpitations and arrhythmias Nervousness, anxiety, and irritability Thin, fine hair and brittle nails Thyroid function tests Radioactive iodine uptake test Thyroid ultrasound Thyroid scan Fine needle aspiration biopsy Antibody tests The treatment of hyperthyroidism may include: 1. Anti-thyroid medications: Medications such as methimazole or propylthiouracil (PTU) can lower thyroid hormone levels by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis. 1. Radioactive iodine therapy: Radioactive iodine is taken up by the thyroid gland and destroys the overactive thyroid cells, decreasing thyroid hormone levels. 2. Surgery: Thyroidectomy, or surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, may be necessary for some instances of hyperthyroidism. 3. Beta-blockers: Medications such as propranolol can help manage tachycardia, tremors, and anxiety.