USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Graves’ Disease

USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Graves’ Disease The pathophysiology of Graves' disease involves the production of autoantibodies, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to and activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on the surface of thyroid cells. It leads to increased production and release of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), resulting in hyperthyroidism. Weight loss Rapid heartbeat Tremors Fatigue Anxiety and irritability Heat intolerance Difficulty sleeping Changes in menstrual cycles Eye problems (bulging eyes, double vision, vision loss) Muscle weakness Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) Tachycardia Hypertension Tremors or shaking of the hands or fingers Exophthalmos and Diplopia Skin changes, such as pretibial myxedema Nervousness, anxiety, and irritability Thyroid function tests Thyroid autoantibody tests Radioactive iodine uptake test Thyroid ultrasound The treatment of Graves' disease depends on factors such as hyperthyroidism's severity, eye problems, and individual factors. Treatment options include anti-thyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, surgery, beta-blockers, corticosteroids, and regular follow-up with monitoring of thyroid function and eye exams. The specific treatment plan will vary based on the individual's condition and response to treatment.