USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Adrenal Carcinoma

USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Adrenal Carcinoma The pathophysiology of adrenal carcinoma involves genetic mutations, hormonal dysregulation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Mutations in genes that control cell growth and division can lead to tumor development. Adrenal carcinoma often causes the overproduction of hormones, leading to various symptoms and complications. The tumors require a blood supply to grow and spread, stimulating angiogenesis. Metastasis can occur when cancer cells spread to other body parts through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Weight gain Fatigue Muscle weakness Excessive hair growth Menstrual irregularities Erectile dysfunction Decreased libido Mood changes Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting Fever Sweating Palpitations Hypertension Weight gain Abdominal or flank pain A mass or lump in the abdomen or flank area Hirsutism Feminization or masculinization Irregular menstrual periods Erectile dysfunction Blood and urine tests CT scan, MRI, PET scan Biopsy Genetic testing Hormone suppression tests Adrenal venous sampling The treatment of adrenal carcinoma involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, depending on the stage and location of the tumor. Surgery is often the first-line treatment, followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Targeted therapy and clinical trials may also be options. Close monitoring and follow-up care are essential for managing adrenal carcinoma and reducing the risk of recurrence. The treatment plan depends on the patient's overall health and preferences and should be discussed with a healthcare provider.