USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Adrenal Adenoma

USMLE/COMLEX - Step 2 - Adrenal Adenoma Adrenal adenomas are benign tumors arising from the adrenal gland located above the kidneys. These tumors can produce hormones that affect various physiological processes in the body, leading to symptoms depending on the type of hormone produced. The pathophysiology of adrenal adenomas is complex and can vary depending on the type of hormone the tumor produces. The most common type of adrenal adenoma is the aldosterone-producing adenoma, which produces excessive amounts of aldosterone. Weight gain and obesity Muscle weakness Osteoporosis High blood sugar The excessive hair growth or hair loss Menstrual irregularities or cessation of menstruation Masculinization in women Feminization in men Elevated aldosterone levels Elevated cortisol levels Elevated androgen levels Elevated estrogen levels Hypertension Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis Blood tests Urine tests Imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI Adrenal vein sampling Dexamethasone suppression test ACTH stimulation test The treatment of adrenal adenoma depends on several factors, including the size of the tumor, whether it is producing hormones, and the patient's overall health. Here are some treatment options: 1. Observation: Observation with regular imaging tests may be recommended for small adrenal adenomas that are not producing hormones or causing any symptoms. 2. Surgery: Surgery to remove the adrenal gland may be recommended for larger tumors or tumors that are producing hormones that are causing symptoms or complications. In some cases, minimally invasive surgery may be an option. 3. Medications: Medications such as aldosterone antagonists or cortisol inhibitors may be used to manage the symptoms caused by adrenal adenoma-producing hormones. These medications can help lower blood pressure, reduce fluid retention, and normalize hormone levels. 4. Radiation therapy may be recommended for adrenal adenomas that are too large or too close to vital structures for surgery.