Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis refers to reversible small airway inflammation/obstruction in the setting of respiratory viral illness. It is common in children younger than two years of age. it is common in children under two years of age. It is most often caused by RSV, though rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus can also cause bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis occurs when the small bronchial tubes become inflamed, necrotic, and, subsequently, narrowed by mucus and debris. As a result, that some alveoli collapse because air cannot be delivered to them, whereas low-oxygen air is trapped in other alveoli. Infants can experience fever, congestion or runny nose, coughing, and wheezing. Indicate that cyanosis, particularly of the lips and nail beds, can occur as the result of reduced oxygen levels. Other signs of bronchiolitis include: rapid, shallow breathing and/or apnea, with wheezing and crackling. Infants struggling to breath may grunt and, as a result of accessory muscle involvement and straining, retractions may be observed – look for "sucking in" of the skin around the base of the neck as the infant struggles to bring in air. Due to congestion and obstructed breathing, infants may also have difficulty bringing in foods and liquids, which can lead to dehydration. Treatment includes supportive fluids and oxygen; prognosis is usually excellent. For references, please see tutorial on Viral Respiratory Illnesses.