Lower Extremity - Bones & Photos
Femur
Head
- Articulates with acetabulum of the os coxa of the pelvis
- Fovea capitis is attachment site for the ligament of the head of the femur
Neck
- Connects femoral head and shaft
- Vulnerable to fracture
Greater and lesser trochanters
- Arise from junction of femoral shaft and neck; sites for muscle attachment
- Greater trochanter arises laterally
- Lesser trochanter arises medially
- Intertrochanteric line (anteriorly) and intertrochanteric crest (posteriorly) extend between greater and lesser trochanters
Shaft
- Gluteal tuberosity extends inferomedially from the greater tubercle (attachment site for gluteus maximus)
- Linea aspera descends along posterior femoral shaft; comprises medial and lateral lips (attachment sites for muscles of the thigh)
- Supraconylar lines (medial and lateral) are distal continuations of the lips of the linea aspera
- Spiral line arises on proximal femur and merges with the medial lip of the linea aspera
- Pectineal line lies superolateral to the spiral line, and also merges with the medial lip of the linea aspera
Epicondyles
- Medial epicondyle has adductor tubercle (attachment site)
- Lateral epicondyle
Condyles (medial and lateral)
- Distal end of femur
- Intercondylar fossa is notch between lateral and medial condyles
Patellar surface
- Anterior site of patellar (kneecap) articulation.
Tibia
- Medial leg bone
Medial and lateral condyles
- Articulate with the condyles of the femur
Superior articular facets
- On the surface of the condyles; sites of articulation with the condyles of the femur
Intercondylar eminence
- A bony projection between the superior articular facets
Tibial tuberosity
- Rough, raised portion of bone where the patellar tendon of the quadriceps muscle inserts
Anterior intercondylar area
- Provides attachment sites for ligaments of the knee
- Gerdy's tubercle (aka anterolateral tubercle), which is where the iliotibial band (aka iliotibial band) inserts.
Shaft (aka body)
Medial malleolus
- Bony bump you feel on the medial side of your ankle
Tibial articular surface
- Where the tibia articulates with the bones of the ankle (aka tarsals)
Fibula
- Lateral leg bone
Apex
- Pointy projection
Head
- Articulates with tibia
Neck
Shaft
Lateral malleolus
- Bony bump you can feel on the lateral side of your ankle.
Interosseus membrane
- Fills the space between the tibia and fibula; provides additional muscle attachment sites and divides the muscles of the leg into anterior and posterior compartments.
Tarsals
Calcaneus
- Largest tarsal bone, lies posteriorly (aka, heel); features the tuberosity, lateral and medial processes, sustenaculum tali, groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus,
Talus
- Features neck, head, and trochlear surface, which articulates with tibia of leg; lateral and medial tubercles border the groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus.
Navicular
- Boat shaped
Cuboid
- Cube shaped; features the tuberosity and the groove for the tendon of fibularis longus.
Cuneiforms
- Lateral, intermediate, and medial
Metatarsals
- Five bones of the base of the foot
Phalanges
- Proximal phalanges
- Middle phalanges
- Distal phalanges
- Digits 2-5 have all three phalanges, digit 1 has only proximal and distal phalanges.
Arches of the Foot
- Created by the bones of the foot, and are supported by ligaments and tendons, which respond to changes in weight load during bipedal movement.
Medial
- Arises on the calcaneus, extends to the metatarsals 1-3; the talus is its keystone bone
Lateral
Transverse
Photos from:
https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/bluelink/resources/bluelinks/labeled-bones-joints-and-movement-images