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Natural Selection
Natural selection
1. Phenotypic variation exists within a population. 2. Specific traits, aka, adaptations, confer fitness advantages. 3. Individuals with those traits benefit from increased reproductive success.
Example
  • Population of original and mutated beetles
    • Beetles with yellow circles on their wings
    • Beetles with small black circles within the yellow circles; these markings resemble the eyes of a much larger animal.
  • Snake is a predator that feeds on beetles, but fears mutated beetles.
  • Beetles with black markings survive and out-reproduce the original form.

Natural Selection

Natural selection and Adaptations
  • Natural selection is the process of selection for traits that enhance reproductive success in a particular environment.
    • Remember that natural selection acts on individuals, but produces evolution within the population: ie, individuals do not evolve / populations do through the natural selection of traits that enhance reproductive success.
  • Natural selection promotes adaptation, which is a term that can be used to describe a trait or a process:
    • As a trait, an adaptation is an inherited characteristic that enhances reproductive success; natural selection acts to promote adaptations.
  • Tradeoffs:
    • Natural selection is limited by trade-offs, or compromises, between the costs and benefits of traits. In other words, natural selection produces adaptations that are "better than" the possible alternatives, not perfect.