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Post-Translational Modifications
    * Disulfide cross-linking, which occurs between two cysteine residues.
  • Hydroxylation (the addition of a hydroxyl group).
  • Carboxylation (the addition of a carboxyl group).
  • Phosphorylation (the addition of a phosphate group).
  • Methylation (the addition of methyl groups)
  • Acetylation (the addition of acetyl groups)
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Post-Translational Modifications

    * Here we include a chain of 20 amino acids [broken into two images], which we represent with circles with lines connecting them; this chain represents the polypeptide’s primary structure.
  • The N-terminus and C-terminus are the beginning and end terminals of the polypeptide chain.
Considerations: 1. We will only represent some of the many ways that amino acid residues can be modified in a protein, here, many more exist. 2. No single protein will have the number of modifications that we will show here; we show them this way here within a single polypeptide chain for simplicity.